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Medieval, "police," typically called upon all citizens of a community to catch and deliver a criminal. Citizens who didn't participate were often fined, although being the criminal was much worse. Citizens who suspected foul play would raise a, "hue and cry," in which the local authorities would respond to. Medieval communities were often responsible for their own protection, so they tended to lean more towards heavy punishments rather than wasting time catching criminals. Thieves who were found guilty were hanged...enough said.
The wealthiest of the early Medieval towns were found in France at the beginning of the period. There was a caste-like system among the citizens of many countries where one person ruled over many that were farming the land owned by the ruler. Later, the wealth started to shift to other countries as the peasants refused to be held in serfdom.
Yes, you would find phragmites in the medieval times. While there is only one species (australis) in the genus Phragmites, there are four known subspecies across Europe and Asia. Common reed (Phragmites) was mentioned in the legend of Midas, and fans of the Bible will remember the story of Moses as a baby being cast adrift in a reed basket. English have used Phragmites as roofing thatch for hundreds of years. In the US, there is a native subspecies of Phragmities australis ssp. americanis that is non-invasive and much less vigorous. The invasive phragmities found in the US was introducded from Europe, probably in the early 19th century.
The crusaders found a lot of knowledge that the arab people had and brought it to europe.
Here is a website that i found super helpful when i had to write a timline for my history class. http://www.wfu.edu/history/StudentWork/whistory/timeline/europe/ Hope this helps!