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At its peak, there were somewhere between 50 and 90 million Roman citizens (about 20% of the world's population at that time!). Under the emperor Trajan, it stretched for 5 million square kilometers.

As the historian Christopher Kelly has described it:Then the empire stretched from Hadrian's Wall in drizzle-soaked northern England to the sun-baked banks of the Euphrates in Syria; from the great RhineDanube river system, which snaked across the fertile, flat lands of Europe from the Low Countries to the Black Sea, to the rich plains of the North African coast and the luxuriant gash of the Nile Valley in Egypt. The empire completely circled the Mediterranean ... referred to by its conquerors as mare nostrum—'our sea'.

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