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The subjects of most Roman sculpture were the famous people, emperors, generals, statesmen, and many times of their wives. Some sculpture was full length, while many were of busts. The full length statues always had some symbolism attached to them, telling the viewer something about the subject.
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TaigaThe sculptures of the Republican period were sculptural portraiture; that is, busts of consuls (the annually elected heads of the republic and the army) and other notables. It was a bit like the painting portraits of later history, except that the Romans did it with busts.
During the subsequent period of rule by emperors, the Romans took up full bodied statues modelled on those of the Greeks. They also made copies of Greek statues made by prominent Greek sculptors. The main subjects were the emperors, the gods and Greek and Roman mythology. Some examples can be seen at the Vatican Museums, such as the Augustus of Prima Porta , Aphrodite Cnidia (Venus), the Belvedere Apollo, the Belvedere Hermes (the Greek god whose Roman equivalent was Mercury) the Heracles (the Greek mythical hero who in Roman religion was the god Hercules) The River God (thought to represent the Arno, the river in Florence) the Laocoon and his sons (the mythical Trojan soothsayer in Virgil's Aeneid) the Sleeping Ariadne (the Greek princess who gave Greek mythical hero Theseus a ball of thread to find his way out of the labyrinth he went into to kill the minotaur), Perseus Triumphant (the Greek mythical hero who killed the Medusa). There is also the Braschi Antinous. Antinous was Hadrian's lover whom the emperor deified after his death. There are also a statue of a Gaul, the Persian Warrior and a reproduction of the Nile represented as a god.
Most of the Roman sculpture that has come down to us were heads or full length statues of famous people. They had no cameras so the portrait busts were their "photographs". However they also made statues of various gods and whimsical figures to decorate their gardens and fountains.
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