In 1865, after General Lee was unable to defend Richmond successfully, he sought to escape from the advancing Union forces by rushing west for a meet-up with troops under the command of General Johnston. Failing this, however, and being trapped by the Union troops commanded by General Grant, he arranged to surrender his force, thereby ending the campaign and, as it turned out, the Civil War as a whole.
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During the first part of the Atlanta Campaign (May - July 1864), Joseph Johnston's Confederate Army of the Tennessee carried forward a temporizer tactic, aiming to delay as much as possible the advance of the Union towards Atlanta, by means of strategic retreats alternated by defensive battles engaged from strong positions. Johnston's task was that to make very costly for the Union, in terms of losses, waste of time end a dangerous lengthening of the communication line, every enemy progress. He succeeded in getting close to Atlanta maintaining his army practically intact in order to use its strong fortified camp as a pivot to carry forward his war of maneuver. Namely what Lee was doing near Richmond. That would have given to Johnston the opportunity to earn three or four additional months and deprive Sherman of the coveted victory, indispensable to strengthen the tottering position of Lincoln government. But Jefferson Davis saw the situation as a dangerous one, because of the great loss of territory and the enemy deployed about 10 kilometers next to the city. Indeed the situation was like that of Richmond. But Richmond was defended by Lee whom Davis had the utmost confidence, while Atlanta was defended by Johnston, that he did not love instead and (wrongly) not estimated. Therefore Davis, in spite of the decidedly negative opinion expressed by Lee , decided to replace "Old Joe" by Hood. That led to the start of the second part of Atlanta Campaign, that saw the Confederates adopting an "all out combat", offensive strategy, which could avoid neither the fall of Atlanta nor the huge losses, very hardly if not impossible, to replace, in terms of material and men, imputable to the same. On the night of September 2, 1864, Hood evacuated Atlanta to save the remaining of his defeated army. Furthermore, the Union victory was an important step towards another one: that of Lincoln at the presidential election in fall.
Abraham Lincoln said this quoteMy paramount object in this struggle is to save the Union, and is not either to save or to destroy slavery. If I could save the Union without freeing any slave I would do it, and if I could save it by freeing all the slaves I would do it; and if I could save it by freeing some and leaving others alone I would also do that......
Jefferson Davis
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