The Compromise of 1850 did not lead to the Civil War. It actually postponed it of happening. It consisted of five part. They were: California would admit into the Union as a free state, Slave trade would be outlawed in D.C., the fugitive slave law was to be enforced by Northerners, Texas would give up much of its western land claims for pensions to pay of state debt, and finally the territory of New Mexico and Utah would be able to have popular sovereignty. In short, they all passed and the Union stayed together long enough for the North to get many of the advantages it had during the Civil War. Many people will actually say that this compromise lead to the north achieving victory in the Civil War.
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The slave/free status of the new territories acquired after the Mexican war was never properly resolved.
The Compromise of 1850 was an untidy package of deals, mostly favourable to the North, so there had to be a big gesture of appeasement to the South. This was the Fugitive Slave Act, promising to crack down hard on runaways. The public was ordered to report anyone who looked as though they might be a runaway, on pain of a heavy fine. This greatly offended Northerners who felt they were being treated like unpaid slave-catchers. As a protest against the Act, Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote 'Uncle Tom's Cabin', which brought many new recruits to the cause of Abolitionism, and raised the temperature of the debate. When Lincoln met her, he said "So you're the little lady who started this big war."
It temporarily prevented war by a deal over the new territory of California.
This territory extended so far North and South of the Missouri line that it rendered the Missouri compromise untenable.
The deal was for the South to allow California to join the Union as free soil, in exchange for a couple more territories joining as slave-states.
Further concessions included abolition of the slave trade in Washington D.C., and a tightening up of the Fugitive Slave Law, with promises to hunt down runaways and return them to their owners.
This last provision had the opposite effect from what was intended. The runaways became popular heroes in the North - a sentiment greatly strengthened by the imminent publication of 'Uncle Tom's Cabin'.
The Crittenden Compromise was the nation's last effort to prevent the civl war.
The Missouri Compromise of 1850 affected Kansas & Nebraska territories. The Compromise was an extension of the one made in 1820. The idea behind the compromises was to maintain the balance of free states and slave states. Now the statehood of Kansas & Nebraska came into the mix. The consensus of Congress was that left to themselves, the people of Kansas would follow the lead of Missouri and vote to become a slave state. Also, that the people of Nebraska would vote for a "free state". Later events, such as a major conflict in Kansas & the soon to come Civil War would send the compromises into a free fall.
later in the war
Under the 1850 Compromise, New Mexico and Utah were allowed in as slave-states, in exchange for California as free soil. After that, Kansas and Nebraska were to be admitted on a local vote on slavery ('Popular Sovereignty'). This resulted in bloodshed that foreshadowed the Civil War.
It actually averted war for thirty years. The problem came when California was up for entry to the USA, and it extended too far on either side of the Missouri Line - both sides claimed it.