Weak naval powers, such as Germany during both world wars, had to revert to "Commerce Raiding" (Guerre de Course) as they did not have a powerful enough surface navy to challenge their enemies on the high seas.
Thus their submarines fought primarily merchant warfare; and not fleet actions (Guerre de Escadre).
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U-Boats (submarines) fought a war of "Guerre de Course"; Commerce Raiding.
Germany was too weak in traditional (surface) fleet power, and thus had to revert to commerce raiding.
Strong naval powers fight "Guerre de Escadre" types of warfare; (Surface) Fleet Actions.
Germany attacked merchant ships as they were not powerful enough to take on warships (battle fleets); they conducted "Guerre de Course" (Commerce Raiding).
rules of warfare
The war in Europe was fought on land, in ever-varying terrain, over the four seasons of the year, and against an enemy, who for all their brutality, did fight pretty much in accord of the rules of warfare. The war in the Pacific was fought largely at sea, and otherwise in jungles and steamy little islands, with a whole host of diseases complicating things, and against an enemy that regularly broke the rules of warfare. They were, indeed, two completely different theaters of war.
Chivalry is a term referring to the code of conduct among nobles in medieval Europe. It involved etiquette rules for warfare, courtship, and other aspects of life.
In the early days of submarine warfare, there were rules that everyone followed when attacking ships. If a submarine was attacking a ship that wasn't obviously a warship, they were supposed to show themselves to the ship, tell them they were going to sink that ship, and then make sure that the crew and civilians were safely off the ship before it was sunk. During World War I, the British had such a large navy that the German navy could not defeat it, and the British were able to stop other ships from bringing food and supplies to Germany. Not only that, but the British could have food and supplies sent to England without much fear of the Germans stopping them. The Germans decided do anything they could to break the British blockade, and to stop food/supply shipments from reaching England. This meant stopping the old rules of using submarines. However, without the old rules for warning ships that they were going to be sunk and making sure the non-military people were safe, this tactic angered countries who weren't involved in the war but had their ships sunk. The USA was one such country...