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Weak naval powers, such as Germany during both world wars, had to revert to "Commerce Raiding" (Guerre de Course) as they did not have a powerful enough surface navy to challenge their enemies on the high seas.

Thus their submarines fought primarily merchant warfare; and not fleet actions (Guerre de Escadre).

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U-Boats (submarines) fought a war of "Guerre de Course"; Commerce Raiding.

Germany was too weak in traditional (surface) fleet power, and thus had to revert to commerce raiding.

Strong naval powers fight "Guerre de Escadre" types of warfare; (Surface) Fleet Actions.

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Q: How did the German U boat change the rules of naval warfare?
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