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Breakdown of the sensible Missouri Compromise, which had kept the peace for thirty years.

This was caused by the admission of California to the Union as one huge state, which extended so far on either side of the Missouri line that both sides claimed it.

The Missouri Compromise had to be replaced with an awkward deal, including the vigorous enforcement of the Fugitive Slave Act, with official slave-catchers hunting down runaways. This angered the Abolitionists and gave them a higher profile, helped further by the publication of 'Uncle Tom's Cabin'.

One well-meant attempt at peace-broking was to give each new state a chance to vote whether to be slave or free, but the first time it was tried (Kansas), this led to shocking cases of voter-intimidation by terrorists from outside the state.

After the inflammatory statement by the Supreme Court in the Dred Scott case (that a black man did not qualify as a citizen and had no business suing a white man), John Brown's attempt to arm the slaves for a general rebellion, and Lincoln's final rejection of the Crittenden Compromise on the grounds that it would have allowed some extension of slavery, war was inevitable.

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