Much bigger population from which to recruit armies.
Nearly all the industrial manufacturing capability in America.
A Navy big enough to blockade the Southern ports.
A big advantage in artillery.
A President of exceptional talent.
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Washington d.c.
These ships were called blockade runners
Before Bull Run, most assumed that the war would be short and easy.
The first ironclad of the North was the USS Monitor. Afterwards it built many ironclad ships, many based on the design of the Monitor.
Lack of an inspiring cause to fight for when it turned out to be a long war. Poor selection of Generals in the first half. No tradition of cavalry. The burden of having to do the invading. No support from overseas allies.