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General Andrew Taylor
The short answer is fear, which is what creates racism.
In the aftermath of the Civil War, states sought to maintain control of freed slaves through the Black Codes, which created different rules and standards for Freedmen. The enacting of these codes outraged the North and contributed to Radical Reconstruction, the military rule of southern states. However, once states had ratified the 13th and 14th amendments, they regained their Congressional representation. New laws were aimed at disenfranchising blacks and establishing a second-class citizenship. The so-called "Jim Crow" laws established the racial segregation that persisted from the 1870's to the 1960's in the US.
The Confederate Congress in the fall of 1862 passed a law exempting one white man for every twenty slaves on the plantation. it was enacted partly because of the long standing fear of slave revolt and prevented slaves from running away. Additionally, it was believed that women were incapable of running a plantation due to their femininity and higher Christian values. in other words it was believed that women would be to soft on the slaves. It was a so-called Overseer Exemption, or the Twenty Negro Law. This measure was exceedingly unpopular among the non-slave holders in the South. There was a lot of protest and alienation and disaffection with the south against this law. Source:C-Span Abraham Lincoln
Black soldiers serving the US military during WWI did receive Honorable Discharges, if their service was honorable. Unfortunately, however, the US Military was still segregated during WWII, and it wasn't until 1947 that President Harry Truman signed into law the "Armed Forces Integration Act", ending segregation in the US Armed Forces.