The Confederate POW camp at Andersonville in Georgia was the most notorious.
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There were many camps in many countries in World War 2. The most infamous ones were the Nazi ran concentration camps. Many Jews were sent there and died. Other groups were sent there as well, such as gypsies and gays. In the United States, there were Japanese interment camps after the Pearl Harbor bombing. Although the conditions were much better than the Nazi camps, it was still considered to be a major civil rights violation. Those that were interned later received court ordered restitution for their losses, as well as $20K each for the abuse of their civil rights.
The Rape of Nanking is the most infamous ; see relevant link .
The most infamous symbol of the Cold War was the Berlin Wall.
Germany is the country most associated with concentration camps, since Hitler started many of them to exterminate the Jewish people during World War II.
Poor sanitation conditions was the primary cause of most of the diseases during the American Civil War.