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a part of the city set aside as a residential area for Jews. The designation "ghetto" appeared in the 16th century (apparently from Italianghetta-the cannon workshop around which the Jewish quarter of Venice, set up in 1516, was situated). However, ghettos existed in many medieval European cities prior to that date (the best-known ghettos were in Frankfurt am Main, Prague, Venice, and Rome).
The settling of Jews in ghettos originally was in keeping with the corporate order characteristic of the Middle Ages, when every professional or religious group lived in isolation, but in the 14th and 15th centuries it became compulsory. Residents of the ghetto were forbidden to leave it at night (the ghetto gates were locked for the night). Life within the ghetto was regulated by the wealthy upper-class members of the Jewish community and by the rabbinate. A legacy of the Middle Ages, the ghettos disappeared in the first half of the 19th century (the Roman ghetto was permanently abolished only in 1870). There were no ghettos in tsarist Russia. Only in a few cities annexed to its territory when Poland was partitioned (late 18th century) was there a restriction on the right of Jews to live outside streets assigned to them; this restriction was ended in 1862.
During World War II (1939-45), in a number of Eastern European cities under fascist German occupation, the Nazis created ghettos that were essentially huge concentration camps in which the Jewish population was destroyed. The armed uprisings of the prisoners of the Warsaw ghetto in 1943 and the Białystok ghetto in August 1943 were part of the national liberation struggle of Poland's antifascist forces.
The term "ghetto" is sometimes used to designate a section of the city inhabited by national minorities that are subject to discrimination (for example, Harlem, "Negro ghetto" in New York).
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Blakea part of the city set aside as a residential area for Jews. The designation "ghetto" appeared in the 16th century (apparently from Italianghetta-the cannon workshop around which the Jewish quarter of Venice, set up in 1516, was situated). However, ghettos existed in many medieval European cities prior to that date (the best-known ghettos were in Frankfurt am Main, Prague, Venice, and Rome).
The settling of Jews in ghettos originally was in keeping with the corporate order characteristic of the Middle Ages, when every professional or religious group lived in isolation, but in the 14th and 15th centuries it became compulsory. Residents of the ghetto were forbidden to leave it at night (the ghetto gates were locked for the night). Life within the ghetto was regulated by the wealthy upper-class members of the Jewish community and by the rabbinate. A legacy of the Middle Ages, the ghettos disappeared in the first half of the 19th century (the Roman ghetto was permanently abolished only in 1870). There were no ghettos in tsarist Russia. Only in a few cities annexed to its territory when Poland was partitioned (late 18th century) was there a restriction on the right of Jews to live outside streets assigned to them; this restriction was ended in 1862.
During World War II (1939-45), in a number of Eastern European cities under fascist German occupation, the Nazis created ghettos that were essentially huge concentration camps in which the Jewish population was destroyed. The armed uprisings of the prisoners of the Warsaw ghetto in 1943 and the Białystok ghetto in August 1943 were part of the national liberation struggle of Poland's antifascist forces.
The term "ghetto" is sometimes used to designate a section of the city inhabited by national minorities that are subject to discrimination (for example, Harlem, "Negro ghetto" in New York).
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How did world war 2 affect the Jewish people?
The Jewish response was obviously varied by country. The countries directly affected by the Nazi attacks were unanimous in condemning them, but had little impact on the media since that was Nazi-controlled. The Jews in countries outside Nazi territory were mostly in the U.S., where they were divided into two groups: the Orthodox, who wanted to save Jewish lives at any price, and the Reform led by Rabbi Stephen Wise, who felt that the lives lost were only secondary to supporting American interests in fighting the axis. Thus Orthodox Rabbis (most famously Rabbi Eliezer Silver of Cincinnati)and congregations lobbied Washington and had mass meetings (most famous at Madison square Garden), while the reform urged the president to ignore the orthodox. The orthodox set up the Vaad Hatzala, which in addition to lobbying sent money to Europe and to other countries where Jews ahdh escaped to, such as Japan, China, Cuba, etc. Jews in Israel (Palestine at that time) were involved and sent troops in the form of Jewish volunteers to the British Army, where many got the training they later used on their return to help in the new Israeli army formed after independance in 1948. One famous story was the parachuting of Jweish trops into Hungary, led by Hannah Senesh, who was captured and killed. There are books about her story. There are many books presenting this topic as their major theme, esp. those by Dr, David Kranzler and some published by Artscroll pub. in their Holocaust Diaries series.
Was the Holocaust planned or a response to war?
No one person planned it. Racism to the extreme along with crippling unemployement set the stage. Hitler merely capitalized on the feelings of many. ___ The detailed planning and logistics were in the hands of Heydrich, Eichmann and Globocnik, among others. In fact, it was planned quite carefully.
When did the Final Solution end?
The Nazi mobile killing units first went into action in Kaunas, Lithuania, on 25 June 1941.Routine mass gassings started at Chelmno on 8 December 1941. (There had been some earlier experimental gassings).The systematic killings and the Holocaust are usually taken to be the same thing.The start of the Holocaust is now often given as June 1941. Almost immediately after the start of the German invasion of the Soviet Union mobile death squads started to operate in the areas occupied by German army.It used to be common to date the start of the Holocaust from the Wannsee Conference of January 1942. However, this was a quite short meeting concerned with administative matters. The policy decision had already been taken and at a much higher level.The persecution of the Jews by the Nazis began soon after they came to power in January 1933, and many Jews were killed by the Nazis before the Holocaust began. The position of the Jews in Germany became particularly bad from late 1938 onwards.From November 1939 onwards the Nazis set up ghettos in Polish cities such as Warsaw, Lodz and Lublin. Conditions in these ghettos soon became very bad indeed and death-rates rose sharply.(The Holocaust ended finally in May 1945).The Final Solution was the Nazi genocide of the Jews in 1941-1945. It did not have 'stages', but if your teacher thinks it did, then look at the related question.The Final Solution was final and didn't really have 'stages'. If you mean 'When did the Nazi genocide of the Jews begin?' there is no single agreed date, as it started piecemeal in the June-December 1941. The traditional idea that Hitler barked out a single order, and that the Holocaust (Final Solution) started with a 'big bang' on a definite date is rejected by practically all historians of the Holocaust). However, you may wish to note the following dates:25 June 1941: The German mobile killing units went into action in Kaunas, Lithuania.8 December 1941: Routine mass gassings started at Chelmno.Obviously, the 'invention' of fixed gas chambers marked a significant intensification of the Holocaust/Final Solution.1941, and it was stopped in 1945.1941It started in 1942 after the Wannsee conference, Here some stuff about the Wannsee conference and some qutoes from the conference.On January, 20, 1942, Reinhard Heydrich, Himmler's second in command of the SS, convened the Wannsee Conference in Berlin with 15 top Nazi bureaucrats to coordinate the Final Solution (Endlösung) in which the Nazis would attempt to exterminate the entire Jewish population of Europe, an estimated 11 million persons."Europe would be combed of Jews from east to west," Heydrich stated.The minutes of that meeting have been preserved but were edited by Heydrich substituting the coded language Nazis used when referring to lethal actions to be taken against Jews."Instead of emigration, there is now a further possible solution to which the Führer has already signified his consent - namely deportation to the east," Heydrich stated for example when referring to mass deportations of Jews to ghettos in occupied Poland and then on to the soon-opened death camps at Belzec, Sobibor, and Treblinka."...eliminated by natural causes," refers to death by a combination of hard labor and starvation."...treated accordingly," refers to execution by SS firing squads or death by gassing - also seen in other Nazi correspondence in a variety of connotations such as "special treatment" and "special actions" regarding the Jews.It was the term used at the Wansee Conference of 1942, as a way to describe the escalation of the Holocaust. The whole phrase refers to "the final solution to the Jewish question", implying that the aim was to completely destroy all European Jews through systematic genocide.The Holocaust (and the "Final Solution") were brought to an end in May 1945, with the collapse of the Nazi government and the surrender of Germany to the Allied forces.The Final Solution is the same as the Holocaust. Please see the related question.The Final Solution was secret and there was never any 'announcement'._____Well, there were a couple. (but they happened well after the Final Solution started).______The second answer would be more plausible if the dates and places of the announcements were named.There was never any public announcement of the Final Solution.
