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During the Civil War, numerous towns, cities, and regions in the border states were filled with Confederate sympathizers. Missouri, in particular, was a deeply divided border state. The city of Baltimore, however, was not only home to numerous Confederate sympathizers; it was also the scene of a violent riot in April of 1861. Instigated by secessionist-minded residents as Union troops marched through the city's streets, it resulted in sixteen deaths and many more wounded.
There were no neutral states. The Border States would have liked to be neutral, but became the biggest battlegrounds. Some of the western states were able to avoid too much involvement, but still provided troops and goods to both sides.
The Union commander, Major Anderson, evacuated the fort, the Confederates occupied it, and Lincoln took this as an act of rebellion. He could not actually declare war, and at that time only the Senate was expected to have this responsibility. But he called for volunteer troops to put down a 'rebellion'. Four slave-states, which had been undecided, then voted to join the Confederacy. The Confederate Congress stated in May of 1861 that the Confederacy and the US were in a state of war. A US Supreme Court decision in 1862, stated that a state of war existed between the states when President Lincoln convened Congress to ask for funds for troops and supplies. This happened in early July, 1861. As an aside, Major Anderson had been one of Confederate General PT Beauregard's favorite instructor at West Point.
Maryland was important because it allowed the Union to have access to D.C. The state of Kentucky was also important because of its rivers which Lincoln believed would be essential for an invasion.
The British Proclamation of Neutrality in 1861, under international law, recognized the Confederacy. Such a declaration can only mean that there were two counties at war and Britain declared itself neutral.