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Because the two sections had conflicting interests, and if either side dominated Congress, new laws would tend to favour that side at the expense of the other.

For thirty years, following the Missouri Compromise, it was thought desirable to keep the numbers of slave-states and free states equal. By the time the new territories from Mexico were coming up for statehood, Abolitionist opinion in the North had grown stronger, and it was getting more difficult to create new slave-states.

So the South felt threatened, and believed that its cotton wealth would be enough to support a breakaway nation.

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Q: Why did it matter how many slave or free states there were in the US?
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