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In the New England colonies, it was a Theocracy. This means that they were governed by religious leaders (priests, bishops, etc.) The King had little to no control over these colonies. There were also proprietors, who owned large amounts of land, and governors, who oversaw everything.
UGHANDA
No, the colonies were part of Britain.
The search for the Northwest Passage drove most of the early explorers, it was why so many voyages were financed even when little gold and silver was being returned. The information brought back by those voyages was used to found many North American Settlements and Colonies.