Most slaves gained their freedom in 1850 by self-purchase. After the slave had scraped by and earned enough to purchase their freedom, they searched for and purchased their own families.
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in the north
At first they just ran to northern states, but when that became unsafe, they ran to Canada. After the Fugitive Slave Act was passed in 1850, the slaves had to run all the way up to Canada. The Fugitive Slave Act allowed slave catchers to recapture slaves even in the free northern states. It also allowed fines to be passed to people who helped refugees. One of the reasons that the Civil War was started in 1861 was because of the Fugitive Slave Act, passed by Congress and signed by President Fillmore in 1850. When the Emancipation Proclamation was passed in 1863, granting all slaves their freedom, the Civil War was halfway finished, so the slaves weren't safe to leave and have their freedom because of the War. The Civil War was finished in 1865, and the Northern states won. By 1870, most slavery was abolished in the United States of America.
there was a bunch of different volunteers, the most famous being Harriet Tubman. she led over 300 slaves to freedom on foot.
Northerners were most pleased that California was admitted as a free state. The south was pleased that the fugitive slave act REQUIRED assistance in capturing runaway slaves or face imprisonment.
The slaves saw the north as an escape from slavery during the early 1700's. Most of the slaves were owned in the south of the United States and a slave had a chance at freedom in the north.