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Resulting from the Missouri was a division of territory west of that state being divided north and south between possible slave and free states. Also, to keep a balance of slave and free states in Congress, Maine was admitted as a free state at the same time Missouri became a slave state.
That would be 4 Between 1820 and 1850, eight states were added to the Union: Maine (1820), Missouri (1821), Arkansas (1836), Michigan (1837), Florida (1845), Texas (1845), Iowa (1846), and Wisconsin (1848). Maine, Michigan, Iowa, and Wisconsin were free states, while Missouri, Arkansas, Florida, and Texas were slave states. This maintained the balance between free and slave states.
If you date it from the Missouri Compromise (1820), the answer is forty-one years.
The Missouri Compromise was an effort by Congress to allow the state to enter as a slave state. At the time there was 22 states and they were evenly divided between slave and free. Admission of Missouri as a slave state would upset the balance of power and set a movement towards the expansion of slavery. This debate ran from December 1819 to March 1820 until the compromise was worked out. The compromise stated that Missouri would come in slave while Maine would come in free and except for Missouri slavery would be excluded from the Louisiana Purchase lands north of latitude 36 30'. This plan was criticized by many southerners because it would establish a principle that Congress could make laws regarding slavery and the north felt it gave into slavery. Yet, this help hold the union together for more than 30 years until it was repealed by the Kansas Nebraska Act of 1854. Three years later in the Dred Scot case the Supreme Court found the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional on the grounds that Congress was prohibited by the Fifth Amendment from depriving individuals of private property without due process of law. I think it worked for a time and conditions made it so it couldn't work.
There was not a major decision that led to it but there were many that led to it such as the dred Scott decision and the Missouri compromise and the compromise of 1850 and the Lincoln- Douglas debate