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Emancipation Proclamation by Abraham Lincoln
I'm not exactly sure what you're asking. If you're asking if the civil war started the issue of slavery, no. Slavery was always an issue. If you're asking if slavery started the civil war, not exactly. The point of the civil war according to Abraham Lincoln was to preserve the Union. The Confederacy was only fighting in defense. Eventually slavery became abolished as an aftermath of the civil war, but the only reason the war itself was started was in order to preserve the Union.
Lincoln wrote the Emancipation Proclamation, an executive order which freed the slaves in the Confederate states. He also wrote the "Gettysburg Address", but that was a speech he gave and was not a document at the time.
Because their inhabitants were divided into two factions: the first one pro Union and the second one pro Confederacy, fighting in order to overwhelm the opponent.
Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation - officially, though not in practice, by any means. The Rebel States were not under Lincoln's control, and the slave-owners could safely ignore the order. But it did license Union troops to free any slaves they came across in their Southern campaigns, depriving the South of much of its workforce.