The Osage tribe.
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The first year the Indian head cent was minted was 1859. In 1859, on the reverse, there is no shield, but all the other years have a shield.
Indian head cents were minted from 1859 to 1909. The front side had a picture of Miss Liberty wearing a Native American headdress and the back side had a shield and wreath with the words ONE CENT.
1859 was the only year that Indian Head cents didn't have a shield as part of the reverse design; there's more information at the Related Question.
Paul Williams invented the Portable Shield for Infantry.