Andrew Johnson (Apex)
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Reconstruction collapsed around 1877, when Southern Democrats gained power in all the former Confederate states. The Southern Democrats opposed the reforms of Reconstruction and deprived African-Americans of the political rights they had gained during Reconstruction.
African Americans were the pawn of the northerners in reconstruction. They were the enemy of the south and maintained hope of normalcy.
With the Reconstruction Amendments
it raised african americans expectations of their right to citizenship
african americans were not ready to hold political office