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Acquisition of land for the right of way for a possible southern route for the Transcontinental Railroad.
It took 6 years to build the transcontinental railroad which was through the years of 1863 from May 10th to the year 1869. Some say 20 years. Overland route came after.
There were a number of events that increased interest in a route to California. Probably the most important was the acquisition of California in the Mexican-American War, and the immediately following California Gold Rush. The Civil War added urgency to the transcontinental Railroad, and was very important as well.
The Gadsden Purchase was the United States' land acquisition from Mexico in 1853. The U.S. paid $15,000,000 (including $3,000,000 in claims of American citizens) for the 45,535 square miles of land that became the southern parts of Arizona and New Mexico. The purchase was made by James Gadsden, for who the purchase was named after.
The route was a major issue. The timing was during the Kansas Nebraska Act which was causing a lot of issues with the north and south.