In 1858, former US representative Abraham Lincoln (then little-known outside of Illinois) ran for a US Senate seat against the Democratic incumbent, Stephen A. Douglas. They held 7 scheduled debates, one in each of the districts in which neither had already campaigned. These were held between August 21 and October 15, 1858. The response by the public was arguably meaningless, since (at that time) the Illinois legislature elected the state's senators. (This was changed by the 17th amendment in 1913.)
Lincoln, the Republican candidate, lost the election but his arguments were well-received by the audiences. He collected the transcribed texts into a book, which also became popular, leading to his nomination for President in 1860.
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The main focus of the Lincoln-Douglas debates was slavery. They debated about the right of Northern states to adopt slavery.
To establish whether slavery could be banned in any state after the Supreme Court's verdict that slavery was legal throughout the USA, according to their reading of the Constitution.
Because of doubts about the legality of banning slavery in any state, following the surprise decision of the Supreme Court, declaring that slavery was protected by the Constitution.
The Lincoln-Douglas Debates of 1858 were a series of seven debates between Abraham Lincoln, the Republican candidate for Senate in Illinois, and incumbent Senator Stephen Douglas, the Democratic Party candidate. Although Lincoln was a candidate for the Senate in Illinois, the debates were not directly related to an election of office. At the time, Illinois' Senators were elected by the Illinois Legislators, so the purpose of the debates was to represent their parties (Lincoln for the Republicans and Douglas for the Democrats) in a bid to win control of the Illinois Legislature. The main issue discussed in all seven debates was slavery.
Emancipation proclamation
States' rights
The main goal of the Union army in the east was to not be defeated by the Confederacy. This was the main goal of the entire Union Army from 1861 to 1864.
That's what the debates were about - was slavery protected by the Constitution? If so, how could the new states vote to be free soil?