The main purpose was to meet the minimum standards for Plumbing and ventilation in apartment buildings. The 1879 Tenement Act in NY required that all inhabitable rooms (living rooms, restrooms, have windows that could open up on plain air, thus airshafts and narrow alleys were created between buildings.
An excellent example of this type of structure can be seen on Broome St. between Ludlow and Orchard Streets, in Manhattan on the lower east side (very near New York Tenement Museum).
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12 families could live in a dummbell intenement but they would have to be squeezed in
they were gay
lack of windows
lack of windows
The primary purpose of the coagulation/flocculation process is the removal of turbidity from the water.