A privateer is basically a 'pirate' that is authorized by a governmental head to attack foreign ships. They are authorized to do this by something called a 'Letter of the Marque'. These letters, however, were granted by any kind of governmental leader back in the day, not just 'the queen'. Basically, they started as a way for European nations to ransack Spanish transport ships that were delivering goods to and from the New World, following its discovery by Columbus.
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give the newcomers 960 acres of land and more if they had children
Private security was hired to protect strikebreakers during the 1892 Homestead strike.
german
The word for a soldier-for-hire is mercenary
The government saw that by killing the buffalo they were killing Indians from starvation the government told anyone who went on the train across the Indian land could bring Guns and shoot the Buffalo as they went by. When the train had stopped by and the shooting had stopped people the government had hired would either shed the buffalo from its skin or use the meat, sometimes both. In fact the American army was alerted to come down to the west and help kill the Indians and any buffalo they see.