The only court specifically provided for in the US Constitution is the Supreme Court. Article 3 establishes the Supreme Court ". . .and such inferioe courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish." Further, Article 1, Section 8, Clause 9 authorizes Congress to constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court. The federal court system has several individual courts, but only the Supreme Court is mentioned in the Constitution
Slaves were blocked from bringing lawsuits in courts because they weren't citizens.
The Brown vs Board of Education was a decision about school. The courts declared government could not provide "equal but separate" educations. Schools had to desegregate.
The Supreme Court's decision in the Dred Scott v. Sandford case found that African Americans who were held as slaves were not protected under the Constitution, and therefore could not become citizens or sue in court.This decision obviously angered those who opposed slavery because it took away the opportunity for African Americans to preserve their fundamental rights for quite some time. It seemed as if the courts were on the side of the slave states and were on their way to making the prohibition of slavery by the state unconstitutional.However, it is important to note that not everyone was outraged; those in favor of slavery felt that this was an important victory. They felt that their right to own slaves was being protected, and because the courts were not taking away this right, the union could be preserved.
It infuriated the Abolitionists, delighted the South, and heightened the tension between the two sides, bringing the war a step closer.
Like the Supreme Court, they can have original jurisdiction.
I am sorry but we can't answer because we don't know have " which of the following " statements you ask about in your question.
Stare Decisis
majority opinion
district courts, appeals courts, Supreme Court
By issuing a judicial review.
Judicial Review
Dissent
no one knows
Dissent
Dissent
Dissent