Because Garvey believed the only way blacks would have equality was through separation of races.
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The Back-to-Africa Movement---Apex
The Back to Africa movement was spearheaded by the American Colonization Society, started by Charles Fenton Mercer. The idea was to encourage freed Africans to return to their ancestral country, there by lessening the population of blacks in America.
Marcus Garvey opposed integration. Instead he supported a "back-to-africa" movement, urging African Americans to establish their own country in Aferica.
Marcus Garvey
there was no effective leadership after garvey was deported to Jamaica.