France attempted to build colonies relatively quickly after Canada was claimed. One of those colonies, Charlesbourg-Royal, was a fortified settlement founded by Cartier. However, it didn't last very long. The first permanent French colony in the New World, Quebec, wasn't founded until 66 years after Cartier's last voyage, which was 80 years after Verrazzano's death during his final expedition.
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Jacques Cartier claimed what is now present day Canada for France. He was the first European to discover and map the waters and shores of Saint Lawrence. He was also the first European to travel inland in North America.
Newfoundland was discovered and explored by João Fernandez Lavrador, a Portuguese explorer. He explored the area in 1498. The area called Labrador is said to be named somewhat after him.