smoked 1 pack of cigarrettes a day for last 50 yrs.
Actually it's a little more complicated than what is answered above. Pack-years are calculated by multiplying the number of packs of cigarettes smoked per day by the number of years the person has smoked.
A pack-year is smoking 20 cigarettes a day for one year. If someone has smoked 10 cigarettes a day for 6 years, they would have a 3-pack-year history. Someone who has smoked 40 cigarettes daily for 20 years has a 40-pack-year history.
So it is actually possible for someone to have a pack-year history that is larger than their actual age.
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Smoking X cigarettes per day for Y years to equal 150. For example, smoking three packs per day for 50 years, or ten packs per day for fifteen years would each yield a 150-pack-year smoking history.
She went to an all white school
The Nationalists lost, the Democracies won, the Communists had a 50 year breathing space.
D-Day was the single largest Land-Sea-Air operation in Military history with more then 160,000 Allied troops landing along a 50 mile stretch of beach. 5,000 ships and 13,000 aircraft were along to support the landing.
It's simple. Imagine you import bikes from China. You pay a manufacturer $200 a piece (let's say you buy many bikes at once), than you pay more $50 a piece for shipment, more $50 at customs, more $10 for storage and more $15 for delivery from warehouse to your store. Now, if you can sell a piece for more than 200+50+50+10+15=$325 - it will be economically justified (theoretically)