They were lead by Kings and queens.
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The Chaldean Empire, or more correctly the Chaldean Dynasty, was centered in Babylon. The Chaldean Dynasty refers to the 11th dynasty of the Kings of Babylon, who ruled in the 6th century BCE from 626 BCE to 539 BCE. The Chaldeans were a small Semitic nation located in southeastern Mesopotamia, near the right bank of the Euphrates that emerged in the late 10th and early 9th centuries BCE. There were only six kings of the Chaldean Dynasty, and only the first four were Chaldeans themselves.
A constitutional monarchy.
The system of government was by kings, who also monopolized priestly functions.
Dynasty XI of Babylon (Neo-Babylonian or Chaldean)Nabu-apla-usur (Nabopolassar) 626 - 605 BCNabu-kudurri-usur (Nebuchadnezzar) II 605 - 562 BCAmel-Marduk 562 - 560 BCNergal-šar-usur (Nergal-sharezer) 560 - 556 BCLabaši-Marduk 556 BCNabu-na'id (Nabonidus) 556 - 539 BC
There were also the Sumerian, Chaldean, and Assyrian Empires , as well as the kingdom of Egypt. But these weren't the major Empires.