The leader of the Mongols is the famous Genghis Khan. They claimed 24,000,000 square kilometers and called it the Mongol Empire.
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The region that suffered the most at the hands of the Mongols was the region of Khwarezmia. The entire population was wiped out, which included 4 million people.
Various areas of what is considered China today where under the control of different nomadic groups during this time, including the Jin, Xixia, and Mongols. The Mongols ultimately succeeded in conquering all of the China and establishing the Yuan Dynasty in 1271.
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The first appearance of a military patronage state was around 1258 after the Mongols sacked Baghdad from the Muslims. This was shortly after the Crusades and the Muslim armies were fatigued and weakened. No one expected the Mongols to come through the way they did and defeat one of the great powers of the time. As a way of maintaining control over the territories they had recently acquired the Mongols developed what would come to be known as a system of ruling called "military patron states." Because the Mongols were nomadic herdsman they would pillage a city (often with devastating death counts and brutality) and then move forward to the next city. The conquered city was then left to rule itself with one catch, they had to pledge patronage to the Mongols military force.
2013
Russia