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Regardless of monarchy type (absolute, semi-constitutional, constitutional):In Middle Ages - France, England, Habsburgs (ruled in different countries)In XVI-XVIII centuries - France, Spain (under Habsburgs), Austria (Habsburgs too), Poland united with Lithuania, England, Turkey (ruled on Balkans)In XIX century - France (mix of republic and monarchic periods), Prussia/Germany, Russia, Austria, EnglandIn XX century - Germany (monarchy till end of WW I), England, Russia (monarchy till 1917).(France was a republic in XX century).
The English Commonwealth was the loosely used term for the system of government after the regicide of Charles I. The rump parliament declared England a Commonwealth although by definition England was actually a Protectorate under the Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell.
There are several different factors that govern how hard a country fights to keep a part that wants independence and how hard that part fights back. When a region expresses a desire for indepencence, the reaction of the government of the parent country is based on the answers to several questions. Natural Resources: Does the region supply a natural resource, the loss of which would create a hardship? Type of government: Which matters more: the desire of the ruler or ruling body or the desire of the majority of the people? International respect: Would those countries with which a favorable relationship is desired respond better to a reaction of belligerance or a reaction of benevolence? Motives for independence: How flexible is each side regarding the issues creating the desire for independence? Burden or asset: Has the territory been a burden? Would we be better off without them? Learn from history: How have other countries in similar situations in the past reacted, why, and what was the outcome?
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