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Where were most of Europe's colonies by the end of the nineteenth century?
Until the 1830's, Spain qualified as such. After that, most overseas colonies in the Americas were already independent and fell under the sphere of influence of the United States.
The European battles for Indian Ocean trade affected the peoples of Asia. Before the nineteenth century, The Europeans overtook most of the local regency and the British controlled the Chinese through opium.
The First Empire revolved primarily, but not exclusively, around the settler colonies of the Americas. These would be termed the Thirteen Colonies and would gain their independence from Britain in 1783. The Second Empire then developed from the remnants of the First - particularly India - and were added to during the Napoleonic Wars and then throughout the nineteenth century and even into the beginning of the twentieth century. It is this Second, predominantly Victorian, Empire that most people associate with the British Empire.
Most of the land there is rocky and not good for farming.