Henry Vlll of England
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towns developed because of an enonomy based on external trade
There have never been kings and queens of the whole of Europe. Various countries in Europe have had kings and queens from time to time.
The end of the Middle Ages neared at the dawn of the Italian Renaissance. Spain was completing the Reconquista and Portugal began exploring the coast of Africa. The Black Death (bubonic plague) spread across medieval Europe between 1346 and 1350.
The Anglo-Spanish War of the 1500s was a result of King Phillip the Second's suppression of the growth to the Protestant religion in Catholic Spain. It was caused by England's Act of Supremacy, which threatened the power of the Pope.
Until about 1580 Spain was the 'top dog' in Europe. The revolt of the Dutch provinces from 1568 onwards and the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 (combined with state bankruptcy in Spain itself) mark the start of a long decline.