Joseph Priestly was the scientist who is credited with much of the progress in the biological sciences during the 18th century. He is usually credited with discovering oxygen.
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The development of writing was a key ingredient to the progress of mankind. Writing allowed for better communications, record keeping, and had the oral tradition of passing down information made obsolete. It opened the way for the arts and sciences as well.
golden age of achievements in the arts and sciences
President John Quincy Adams was an intellectual and valued education more than most politicians during that time period. However, none of his motions to promote the arts and sciences were successful because many politicians in Washington opposed him.
The most common undergraduate degrees given are the Bachelor of Arts (Artium Baccalaureus) (BA) awarded for either a course or a program in the liberal arts or the sciences, or both.
Geography (Earth Sciences) and Democracy (Politics) would cover a lot of our world's history.