Emperor Qianlong refused trade with England as a result of China's isolationist policies.
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To enforce mercantilism England passed the NAVIGATION ACTS, (Trade Acts) beginning in 1651. These acts were designed to control trade with its colonies. These laws forced the colonies to trade only with England. England passed other Trade Acts that continued to control colonial trade.
England was the first to be involved with the slave trade
A trade between Africa, Americas, and England
Pytheas
New England and middle colonies