Liberty Bonds
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A deficit
Congress lacked the money it needed to pay off the government's war debt because of an unbalanced budget. Congress can continue to pay for or extend a war without actually having the money to directly fund it.
The government raised taxes higher and borrowed money from banks and others to get the rest.
Usually local government.
If you mean who pays for the government, then it is the taxpayers money. All the money that you pay in government fees, road tolls, rates and taxes all go to the government.