The Brown vs Board of Education court case occurred four years after Sweatt vs Painter court case. In the Brown case, laws establishing racial segregation were deemed unconstitutional. In the Sweatt case, one man sued due to not being accepted into a law school based on the color of his skin.
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Brown vs the Board of Education established that school segregation is unconstitutional. The case was heard in 1954 in the United States Supreme Court, overturning the Fergueson case of the 1800's.
If your asking what case caused segregation, the case of Plessy v. Ferguson created the "Separate but Equal" doctrine which gave blacks and whites equal facilities, but they were separate. This case created segregation. Just in case you are asking for what case started desegregation, it started with the case of "Brown v. Board of Education" where it was determined that the Separate but Equal doctrine was unconstitutional and demanded that schools must immediately desegregate schools. PS. The case of "Plessy v. Ferguson" was used as a precedent in the case "Brown v. Board of Education". :)
He was the attorney for the Browns. He argued that the theory of separate but equal was not right. A person can't be made separate and still be equal.