The exact number is unknown. However, civilian federal employees and their dependents living overseas were counted in the 1790 Census. This was crucial as private U.S. citizens who were not employed by the federal government were not counted. The U.S. Census is used for apportioning seats in the House of Representatives.
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A federal system is the government for the whole country. In the US, the "main office" of all federal government agencies is Washington, DC. There are many offices of the federal government located all over the country, in US territories, and many countries throughout the world.
According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, more than 1.8 million civilians work for the Federal Government, excluding the Post Office. Below is a link to the relevant BLS website, lots of good information. http://www.bls.gov/oco/cg/cgs041.htm
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Federalism and the federal system define the basic structure of American government. There were many disagreements at the Constitutional Convention. Many delegates feared a national government that was too strong and many delegates feared that states' rights would merely continue the weak form of government under the Articles. The Constitution created a federal system of government (federalism) as a compromise. Under federalism, power is shared and divided between national and state governments. Both levels have their own agencies and officials and directly affect the people. The Founding Fathers really had no other choice except federalism. The weak union created under the Articles would not work yet people did not want to give all the power to a national government. Federalism was the middle ground--compromise--a way to distribute authority between the states and the national government
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