All but 4 of the 43 Presidents held an elected office before they were President. Those that did not were Taylor, Grant, Hoover and Eisenhower.
George Washington did not serve any elected office under the US Constitution, but he was elected to serveral positions in the colonial government. Herbert Hoover was Secretary of Commerce which is a national office, but is not elected.
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I count six -- Jefferson, Madison, Monroe, Quincy Adams, VanBuren and Buchanan were Secretaries of State before being elected president.
The answer is that several presidents had not previously held elected public office before becoming President: Zachary Taylor, U.S. Grant, William Howard Taft [although he was governor-general of the Philippines], Herbert Hoover, and Dwight Eisenhower. This now includes Donald Trump.
They are elected by the people before the president.
Harding was a US Senator from Ohio and the Lieutenant Governor of Ohio before he was elected President.