human nature was self-centered
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The political philosophy of the Age of Enlightenment was that the rulers of a country are only the rulers because the people let them be. The term is called "Consent of the Governed" or "a mandate of the masses" There are more people living in a country than there are rulers, army, or police. If the citizens decide the rulers are doing a bad job, then many believe it is the right of those citizens to pick new rulers. If the rulers won't give up power, and the citizens are unhappy enough, then the only option is revolution.
Trade made Great Zimbabwe's rulers wealthy and powerful.
the rulers run a well organized government from a capital city.
The belief the Germanic rulers adopted from the Romans was Catholicism.
I believe the word you are looking for is ascendant. Someone who is next in line to take charge if the current person were to become ill or pass on.