It is not so much "what powers does the Congess have to check" so much as the things that Congress must agree to before the President can do it.
The President cannot make any laws. All laws originate in the Congress. The President can approve (sign) them or veto them. The Congress can override the President's veto if it has enough votes.
The President must have confirmation from the Senate to appoint key people in the Administration, judges, etc.
Theoretically only the Congress can declare war, but Presidents have gotten around this since 1950.
If the President commits crimes, the Congress can vote to try him and, if they convict him, they can remove him from office. Two presidents have been tried in history, neither was convicted. Another (Nixon) resigned from office rather than facing trial.
The President cannot raise, or lower, taxes. All tax bills must originate in the House of Representatives.
The President can negotiate a treaty with a foreign government, but the Senate must ratify it before it takes official effect. Sometimes (depending on the treaty) the President can just implement its provisions anyway.
In general, if the President and the Congress do not cooperate, very little gets done.
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The Congress and the Supreme Court provide a constitutional check on the President's powers
The power of impeachment and removal from office upon conviction is the most drastic check. Of course, the powers of levying taxes and appropriating funds belong exclusively to Congress and so supply a check on presidential aspirations.
1. national emergencies (esp. war) have led presidents to use unprecedented powers. 2. congress has granted the powers to the President through legislation.
To override a President's veto Congress needs to have 2/3 or more of the vote.
Congress needed to be notified of troop deployments. Presidential authority to declare war was abolished. Congress had to approve of military appointments. The president could send troops as needed to areas of crisis