The federal government is the body that governs the whole country instead of just a state. The federal government is like a big umbrella over the whole country.
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The central government of the US is the Federal government.
When used correctly, the word "federal" (as in "federal system") refers to the division of political power between the national government and the state governments. However, people use the word "federal" as a synonym for the word "national." Therefore, when people use the phrase, "Today, the federal government decided...." they are (usually) referring to the national government and not the division of power between the national and state governments. This is an example of a technical term in political science being incorrectly used.
independent federal agencies
unalienable rights
Federal system