16th amendment and a number of other things..including plain common sense.
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Congress gets its taxing powers from the United States Constitution. Specifically, the 16th Amendment allows the imposition of income tax without taking into consideration the census or apportioning the tax among states.
The US Constitution gives the federal government (specifically, congress) the power to enact certain kinds of taxes. If you mean the federal income tax, it's partly from that, and just to make it nice and completely legal (the part about taxes in the body of the constitution is vague enough that it could be ... and has been ... argued that it was never intended to allow for income taxes), the 16th amendment specifically allows for a federal income tax.
Power of the Federal Government
The Articles of Confederation
The _______ gave Congress the power to impose an income tax on the American people.
Yes, it is handled by the state government and federal government
The Hepburn act gave the government the power to set and limit shipping costs.