when gov. officials rule instead of a leader
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Pre-WW 1 Russia, Austria, Germany and Japan. Of these, the Russian bureaucracy was most directly answerable to the emperor himself. The oldest highly organized imperial bureaucracy originated in ancient China.
a bureaucracy.
I've got 2 for sure, but the 3rd one I'm not quite sure about. 1. Developed under the imperial oligarchy. 2. Top members of the bureaucracy are technocrats--experts in technical and administrative affairs. 3. Jobs in the bureaucracy do not pay as well as many private sector jobs do, and most of them demand long hours. I got this information from the book, "Prentice Hall Magruder's American Government" by William A. McClenaghan
Bureaucracy is always big.
The president is the chief administrator of the federal bureaucracy.