Justice Stephen Breyer is currently an Associate Justice on the US Supreme Court. President Bill Clinton appointed Breyer in 1994, to succeed Justice Harry Blackmun, who retired. Breyer is considered one of the progressive members of the Court.
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Yes, the Supreme Court is part of the Judicial Branch.
Only the judges and justices of Article III Courts are part of the Judicial Branch in the United States. These courts are limited to:US District CourtsUS Court of International TradeUS Court of Appeals Circuit CourtsSupreme Court of the United StatesOther judges may be part of the federal judiciary, or federal court system, but are typically part of the Legislative Branch. Examples include US Bankruptcy Courts, US Tax Courts, US Court of Federal Claims, etc.
No. The U.S. Attorney General is head of the Department of Justice and the top law enforcement officer for the United States, but does not typically argue before the Supreme Court, except under special circumstances. The current Attorney General is Eric Holder. The U.S. Solicitor General (and staff attorneys), who is also a member of the Department of Justice, represents the government before the Supreme Court. The Solicitor General, while not a true member of the Court, is sometimes called "the tenth Justice."
Roger B. Taney became the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court in the early part of the 19th century. He had been President Andrew Jackson's Attorney General and was a Secretary of the Treasury. Critics say that his close friendship with President Jackson was the reason that Taney was nominated to be Chief Justice and this was confirmed by the Senate.
In the case of Marbury vs. Madison, this was the first time the U.S. Supreme court declared an act of Congress to be unconstitutional.