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Egalitarianism is the belief that all are fundamentally equal. According to the Cultural Theory of risk, egalitarianism has a negative attitude towards rules and priniciples, and a positive attitude toward group decision making. Such theory states that an "egalitarianist society" is held together by cooperation and implicit peer pressure instead of explicit rules and punishment.

Some such as Gary Hull of the Ayn Rand Institute say that egalitarianism is outcome based and ends up rewarding mediocrity. Others such as Alexander Berkman who was an anarchist believe that egalitarianism is about equal opportunity.

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