Congressional oversight.
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Pre-WW 1 Russia, Austria, Germany and Japan. Of these, the Russian bureaucracy was most directly answerable to the emperor himself. The oldest highly organized imperial bureaucracy originated in ancient China.
free and fair elections
The two men most responsible for the calling of the Constitutional Convention, after the failed Annapolis Convention of 1786, were Alexander Hamilton (from New York), and James Madison (from Virginia). They also wrote most of the Federalist Papers, and in 1787, they were a formidable team when it came to the Constitution.
"the merit system embodied in civil service exams"
Intermediate scrutiny is the most common test used by the courts when deciding if a law or policy is constitutional. The Supreme Court will define and determine if the laws are constitutional and act as judicial review.