uniformitarianism
There has always been an electoral vote since the beginning of the United States of America. Such is the election procedure specified in the original Constitution of the United States ratified in 1788.
Amendment 11
lieutenant governor
The delegates elected George Washington to preside over the convention. The result of the Convention was the United States Constitution.
Calhoun believed in the expansion of states' rights over the federal government and Webster believed in the federal government more than the states' rights.
Recessions.
geologic processes
Gradualism is built on the ideas that rocks form over long periods through the slow geologic processes. Volcanoes, erosions and sedimentary changes occur in gradualism.
Uniformitarianism happens gradually over time.
Catastrophism (proposed by French zoologist Georges Cuvier) is a geologic theory which states that Earth changed by sudden, violent processes. It states that the appearance of new fossils in each rock layer resulted from other species' moving into the area from elsewhere after each catastrophic event. Its contrasting argument, uniformitarianism (proposed by English geologist Charles Lyell in the 1830s), states that Earth changes slowly over long periods of time by uniform processes such as erosion.
Uniformitarianism is a principle that geologic processes that occurred in the past can be explained by current geologic processes. So, it is the idea that the same geologic processes that same Earth today have been at work during all of Earth's history. Catastrophism is a principle that states that geologic change occurs suddenly. Catastrophies include floods, asteroids, earthquakes, etc. Today, modern geology is based on the idea that gradual geologic change is interrupted by catastrophies.
There isn't really such a thing as "geologic evolution". Geology describes processes by which geological features may form or alter, but these are not in any way even remotely similar to the processes by which lifeforms develop over time. The changes wrought by geological processes can be (summarily) described in terms of mechanical forces acting on a single body of mixed composition; the processes involved in evolution require populations of self-replicating organisms. So really, they don't compare. At all.
There is no principal that states WHERE this may happen. The conditions that allow this to happen can form at different places over geologic time.
Rocks change through the processes that take place within the rock cycle.
The amount of uranium decreasesd, the amount of lead increased over geologic times.
Blowing soap bubblesDissolving table sugar in water
Mutations and the genetic shuffling that occurs with sexual reproduction