Many people consider the ancient city State of Athens to have had the oldest republic as a form of government. The Roman Empire was until Augustus became Emperor also a republic. The oldest republics can therefor be said to originate in Italy and Greece.
The oldest 'modern' republics (that moreover still exist as such) are Iceland and San Marino.
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Certainly. A republic can become am empire and an empire can become a republic, or several republics. Any form of government can be changed into any other form of government.
by elected representatives
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The form of government the framers of the Constitution agreed to create republic
* Russia has a Republic form of Government