Just on German side of Austrian/German border. Bavaria.
1hour and half drive from munich
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Most churches were in fact not located near the lord's castle. But if they were, it was because often a town developed around the lord's castle. And where a town developed, the number of people grew and they started building chapels and churches. But there were a great number of towns, cities and villages with not a castle in sight, and there the people built churches as well.
The main tower of a castle was called the keep. It was the inner stronghold of the castle and often served as the residence of the lord. It was typically the last refuge during battle and defending the castle.
Nottingham Castle was built on "Castle Rock" in 1067 on the orders of William the Conqueror. The castle was subsequently remodeled in 1678 by William Cavendish, then the Duke of Newcastle.
Kenilworth castle was biult in 1122ad by Geoffrey de Clinton. I'm doing a project on Kenilworth Castle.
The height varies considerably from one castle to another