The Supreme Court
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In the US, the Supreme Court is the highest level of arbitration.
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The amendments are approved at the national level usually by congress and proposed to the states.
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Criminal cases heard at the Federal District Court level may be "appealed" to one of the Federal Appellate Courts based on an error that the District Court made. The Federal Appellate courts must hear cases appealed from the District Courts (in other words, you are guaranteed at least one appeal), however the Supreme Court is not required to hear cases appealed from the Appellate Court. After an unfavorable ruling at the Appellate Court level, the criminal defendant (or the United States/Prosecution) may seek a writ of certiori in order to appeal to the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court will grant or deny the writ of certiori depending on several factors in the case (how notable is this case, is it a good "vehicle," is this an important issue, is it very contentious, is there a circuit split, is the decision patently wrong?). If the Court grants certiori, that means that they will hear it. If it denies the writ, the Appellate Court's judgment is final. Keep in mind that only a very small potion of cases make it to the Supreme Court level (less than one percent), so the cases that the Court decides to hear are always notable.